Oil Producing Algae The Delaware Bay oyster industry may be down but it's not out yet. Bad luck in the form of parasites and weather have combined to deplete the resource in recent years. But innovative new ways of farming oysters have kept the industry alive. Rutgers University's research programs have provided some needed support.
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Algae Oil Production A tour of Rutgers facilities at the Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory at Bivalve and the Cape Shore Laboratory on the Cape May County bayshore last week highlighted just how much Rutgers has contributed.
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Algae Bio Fuel The Bivalve lab is an extensive facility with numerous labs. The Cape Shore lab is a small shellfish breeding and research facility.
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Algae Fuel Cell "Oyster aquaculture now is largely in the Cape May area but production methods are available for that work and new ones are being developed," said David Bushek, assistant professor of shellfish ecology and pathology at Haskin.
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Algae Based Fuels Oyster culture in Delaware Bay runs the gamut, from wild fishing to intensive aquaculture, Bushek said. An unpredictable factor is nature. The "set" of larval oysters, their attachment to a clean, hard surface for continued growth, is subject to water currents, temperature, predators and other factors that can't be controlled.
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Diesel From Algae A double whammy descended on Delaware Bay oysters with the onslaught of MSX in 1957 and Dermo in 1990. Both are parasites which are harmless to humans but which sicken and kill oysters. Oysters have developed a degree of natural immunity to MSX and researchers said they are developing resistance to Dermo, as well, but the natural selection process is lengthy.
Green Fuel Algae Rutgers provided a shortcut when it developed a resistant oyster more than 10 years ago. Its resistance to MSX and Dermo is twice that of wild oysters. Small quantities of "seed" oysters are produced at the Cape Shore lab and more will be produced when a larger hatchery opens next spring.
Algae Fuel Production In the meanwhile, Bushek is trying to determine the mechanism by which oysters are infected and ways to protect brood stock, possibly through something like a vaccine which could be administered by immersing the oysters in a chemical-laced bath.
Bio Diesel From Algae Ximing Guo, assistant professor of moluscan genetics and aquaculture, explained experiments being conducted with hybridizing non-native species with the Eastern Oyster. Efforts to produce an acceptable cross with an Asian oyster, Gigas, were unsuccessful. It was disease resistant but the taste was unacceptable and it didn't like growing conditions on our East Coast and wouldn't hybridize. Experiments now are being done with Ariakensis, another Asian oyster, which have a more favorable prognosis.
Biodiesel Fuel From Algae The non-native oysters are genetically altered over several generations to produce tetraploids, with four sets of chromosomes. Crossed with triploids, oysters altered to have three sets of chromosomes, they produce sterile offspring, an important factor if they are to be grown in open waters, as they otherwise could hybridize with native oysters and perhaps eventually replace the native strain.
Algae Into Fuel The advantages to culturing the non-native strains is that they grow faster and taste better, because their energies aren't diverted for reproduction. This is also true of native stock. This lowers production costs and increases the desirability. Also, it avoids the seasonal reduction in meat quality which occurs when oysters spawn.
Algae Fuel Source "Tetraploid clams and scallops are in the research and development stage," Guo said. "We have had a major grant of $800,000 over five years to develop that technology. Scallops grow 50 percent bigger. If we can get a tetraploid scallop, that could result in production of several billion dollars each year."
Algae Gas Rutgers is the first facility to produce a genetic map of the American oyster. A few disease-resistant genes have been marked and in the next few years that information also may be used to further develop disease-resistant oysters.
Fuel From Algae Production of the Rutgers resistant oyster is being done currently at the Cape Shore lab.
Algae Diesel "Ten years ago, Atlantic Cape Fisheries bought 100,000 seed from us. Last season, we made 10 million seed and had 10 customers. We have a standing order for everything we can produce," said Greg DeBrosse, facilities manager at the lab.
Bacteria Fuel As he conducted a tour of the facility, he explained that the disease-resistant oyster has a deep "cup" and big flavorful meat, making it very desirable to restaurants for serving on the half shell.
Algae In Diesel The facility, which spawns the oysters and grows the algae they eat, ceases production in August.
Extract Oil From Algae "This time of year, everything's in culture or out in the field," DeBrosse said. "One tank produces about one million oysters. When they reach a size where they eat more algae than we care to produce, they are moved outside.
Diesel Fuel Algae "Outside" is 20,000 gallon tanks, where bay water is pumped through so they can feed.
Algae In Diesel Fuel "They spend about three weeks in this system," DeBrosse said. In three or four weeks, they're big enough to go out on the racks."
Algae Bio Diesel Offshore, on wide flats especially suited to oyster culture, acres of "rack and bag" oysters are farmed by Rutgers and several commercial operations. Contained in bags supported on wooden racks in the intertidal zone, the oysters are readily accessible at low tide, when the tide here falls so far that men in waders are little more than specks in the distance. Twice flowed by tides each day, they filter the water for food, as they would if they were wild. Faster growth allows them to be harvested earlier. They can be tended every day on the low tide and harvested when they reach market size.
Algae For Oil The nature of oyster culture is constantly changing. How long the traditional methods may hang on is uncertain. "Traditional" already has changed. Oystermen may need to change with the times to continue to preserve and harvest the tasty Delaware Bay oyster.
Algae To Oil By Jean Jones
Today's Sunbeam - 10/18/2004
Topic: Ocean
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