Oil Producing Algae Ron Cascio, a professional builder of solar-heated homes, had long been looking for ways to reduce his own reliance on gasoline. He resented the unpredictable price, the pollution and the dependence on foreign oil. "The whole petroleum system is nasty, and I wanted out," he said.
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Algae Oil Production Two years ago, Mr. Cascio replaced his gasoline-powered cars with two 1997 Volkswagen Passat wagons and a 1989 Ford F250 pickup truck, all diesel powered. But it wasn't the diesel engines that freed him from the grip of the petroleum industry, he said; it was the fuel a refined concoction of soybean oil and recycled restaurant grease, more scientifically known as biodiesel that he buys from a local distributor.
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Algae Bio Fuel "I remember feeling so liberated and like a true patriot," said Mr. Cascio, 48, of Ocean City, Md. His vehicles didn't belch toxic black diesel smoke, Mr. Cascio said, but instead created a relatively harmless exhaust that "smelled like popcorn."
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Algae Fuel Cell In recent years, far bigger customers have also embraced biodiesel, including the United States armed forces, Postal Service, big utilities like Florida Power and Light and dozens of public transit units from the bus system in Boise, Idaho, to the Staten Island Ferry. All use diesel fuel that includes at least 20 percent biodiesel.
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Algae Based Fuels Petroleum companies like BP, Gulf Oil and Koch Industries are starting to market biodiesel, a sharp shift in an industry that once considered biodiesel a fringe fuel. Archer Daniels Midland, a leading soybean processor, announced last month that it might build a biodiesel refinery in Minnesota. And the Senate is considering an energy bill that would grant tax breaks to biodiesel makers and lower the fuel's price, now $1.25 to $1.75 a gallon, compared with the standard diesel price of roughly $1.30 a gallon.
ULSD was mandated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to be sold at all retail pumps by October of 2006. This new fuel is a reduced sulfur content formula of diesel fuel. Sulfur content went from 50 parts per million (ppm) to 15 ppm in this new fuel. The reduction of sulfur is mandated to reduce sulfur dioxide emissions 2. Do new diesel engines require use of ULSD
Diesel From Algae As Middle East turmoil again casts doubt on the reliability of America's foreign oil supplies, biodiesel is getting more attention and use as a domestically produced alternative fuel. While it is a long way from reducing dependence on oil, it is slowly changing the diesel engine's reputation as the gasoline engine's dirty cousin.
Green Fuel Algae Marguerite Downey, the alternative-fuels manager for the Postal Service, said biodiesel was "our most successful new fuel program, and we have more experience than any other fleet with alternative fuel." It used 671,000 gallons of biodiesel blend last year, 418,000 in 2000 and 90,000 in 1999.
Algae Fuel Production Biodiesel is a return, of sorts, to the original concept of Rudolf Diesel, the German engineer who in 1893 published a description of the engine that would bear his name. He fueled his prototype engine with peanut oil, an idea that never took off because petroleum-based fuel quickly became cheaper and more plentiful.
Bio Diesel From Algae The smell of pure biodiesel fuel is a big selling point: a common industry catch phrase is that it smells like a kitchen, not a garage. In many engines, it can be used in pure form or as a blend with petroleum diesel. Sulfur-free, pure biodiesel meets the antipollution requirements of the Environmental Protection Agency for 2006.
Biodiesel Fuel From Algae Compared with standard diesel fuel, pure biodiesel reduces emissions of small particles by 40 percent; the residue is nontoxic and biodegradable. Biodiesel is also safer to handle and transport because it ignites at a much higher temperature than standard diesel or gasoline.
Algae Into Fuel Still, advocates face obstacles. Biodiesel-powered engines can be difficult to start in cold weather. And American consumers can have trouble finding the fuel: the first retail biodiesel pumps in the United States opened a year ago in San Francisco and Reno, Nev., and there are now just 21 retail pumps scattered throughout the country.
Algae Fuel Source Domestically produced biodiesel may never replace diesel there are not enough American-grown soybeans and other ingredients to produce anything close to the 55 billion gallons of diesel fuel used annually in the United States. Besides, most vehicles here run on gasoline, and that is unlikely to change anytime soon.
Algae Gas The auto industry has little incentive to promote biodiesel. "Is it something we'd like to see?" said Tony Fouladpour, a spokesman for Volkswagen of America. "Sure. But it's not really our job to market for biodiesel."
Fuel From Algae Biodiesel production is expected to grow to 20 million to 25 million gallons this year and to 30 million to 40 million in 2003, according to the National Biodiesel Board, a trade group in Jefferson City, Mo., of soybean organizations. Soybean oil accounted for 90 percent of the raw material used in the estimated 15 million gallons produced in 2001; the remaining ingredients were other oil-bearing crops and waste grease.
Algae Diesel But some biodiesel advocates say production could be vastly higher if other oil-bearing plants were used more. A study financed by the Energy Department, published last November, suggested that expanded production of mustard seeds, combined with current soybean production and waste grease, could produce at least six billion gallons of biodiesel annually.
Bacteria Fuel But Dr. K. Shaine Tyson, the manager of the renewable-diesel project at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo., who wrote the study, said the soybean lobby, which dominates the biodiesel industry, fears that other raw material could compete with soybeans.
Algae In Diesel Joe Jobe, the Biodiesel Board's executive director, denied Dr. Tyson's assertion and said the board was neutral over biodiesel's ingredients.
Extract Oil From Algae World Energy Alternatives, based in Chelsea, Mass., is by far the largest domestic producer of biodiesel, with 75 percent of the market. Its president, Gene Gebolys, agreed that soybeans were the most practical source of ingredients for now. But the company also buys rapeseed oil, waste oil from landfills and recycled grease to produce biodiesel at plants in Ohio, Texas, Florida, California and Hawaii.
Diesel Fuel Algae Dr. Tyson's study also suggested that the food industry's waste grease, like the yellow grease from deep fryers and restaurants' "trap greases," now waste material, could be used for biodiesel. The United States produces enough waste greases a year to make 500 million gallons of biodiesel.
Algae In Diesel Fuel New York City alone could produce 53 million gallons of biodiesel annually from its waste greases, Dr. Tyson estimated. That is about five times the annual diesel fuel consumption of the city public transit system.
Algae Bio Diesel Biodiesel critics, including some environmentalists, say it will never be produced in large-enough quantities to reduce air pollution or oil consumption. Advocates of natural gas, meanwhile, point out that their fuel is already plentiful, easily available and cleaner than the popular 20 percent biodiesel blend. "The question is: Do you want to bunt a single or go for a home run in terms of emissions reductions?" asked Richard R. Kolodziej, president of the Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition, a Washington lobbying group.
Algae For Oil A different drawback of biodiesel worries some diesel engine makers: It may go bad if it sits too long, as cooking oil does. John Deere, the farm equipment and marine engine maker, limits its warranty to blends of 5 percent biodiesel or less.
Algae To Oil Barry Nelson, a spokesman for John Deere, said it had found that a small amount of biodiesel in diesel blends improved the fuel. "But we're not comfortable yet with higher blends until we do more testing and have guidelines for safe storing," he said.
Algae Oil And there is one final hurdle for biodiesel advocates: What can be done with glycerin, a goopy byproduct of biodiesel refining? Although glycerin is often used in food, soap and cosmetics, it already is cheap and widely available, and the market for an additional supply is unclear at best.
Diesel Fuel Bacteria "The biodiesel industry is just starting to sit down and think about what we can do with all that glycerin," Dr. Tyson said.
Algae Fuel Polishing By Erik Baard
New York Times - 5/12/2002
Topic: Energy
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