Oil Producing Algae For some time, scientists have predicted that the world's coral reefs will be among the first ecosystems to suffer devastating damage from global warming. Some reefs, however, are proving surprisingly resilient, researchers say, not because of qualities of the corals themselves, but because of heat-tolerant algae that live with them.
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Algae Oil Production It may even be possible that heat-related episodes of coral bleaching, which had been viewed as ominous previews of mass coral death to come, could allow these robust algae to spread, leaving corals better able to survive in a warmer world.
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Algae Bio Fuel The scientists say this strength in the face of warming will not be enough to save the world's coral reefs, which are threatened by pollution, overfishing, tourism and other human activities. But if the findings hold up, "they essentially buy us time" to address those issues, said Dr. Andrew C. Baker of the Marine Program of the Wildlife Conservation Society, who led the new work.
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Algae Fuel Cell Algae and corals live in a symbiotic relationship. Coral polyps absorb and shelter the algae, and as the algae photosynthesize they produce sugars that the corals use for energy. But this relationship can falter when ocean water warms, Dr. Baker said. "Basically, algae cells are lost from the coral host," he said. "We don't know if it's the algae leaving a sick coral colony or a coral ejecting a defunct algae. I suspect it's a bit of both."
The main component of most ocean algae, is "fucoidan", a key ingredient in Sea Vegg. Fucoidan is a marine algal polysaccharide which studies suggest may have great antioxidant properties. Knowledge of the Ancients Seaweed has been used in many places for many uses for thousands of years. Seaweed is a type of algae. Algae came to existence about three and a half billion years ago. Colonies of algae started to grow about 1 billion years ago.
Algae Based Fuels The result is coral bereft of much of its power supply. The living polyps that give coral reefs their color wither, usually leaving lifeless white skeleton reefs of calcium carbonate. It is as if the reefs have been bleached.
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Diesel From Algae But the new research, led by Dr. Baker, suggests that heat-tolerant algae may move in to replace strains lost in bleaching events. If so, he said, "some of the doom and gloom might not be as bad as had been suggested."
Green Fuel Algae The findings are "definitely good news," said Dr. Nancy Knowlton, an expert on corals who directs the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
Algae Fuel Production Dr. Baker and his colleagues studied corals affected by El Nio-Southern Oscillation events, natural disruptions of ocean currents that occur periodically and can cause ocean temperatures to rise in one area or another. In particular, they studied what happened to corals in relatively shallow waters off the Pacific coast of Panama, and in the Indian Ocean off Kenya and Mauritius. All of the corals they studied were colonized by Symbiodinium algae, a diverse genus whose various species look exactly alike, but react differently to heat.
Bio Diesel From Algae Using DNA analysis, they compared the algae populations at those three sites with algae strains in coral reefs in the Persian Gulf, which are relatively tolerant of heat, and to other corals in the Red Sea, where temperatures do not normally rise as high and where algae strains are less heat-tolerant.
Biodiesel Fuel From Algae The scientists found that reefs in Panama and Kenya, which had experienced unusual high water temperatures, had high proportions of a heat-tolerant strain called symbiont D. By contrast, reefs off Mauritius, where waters remained cooler, had fewer symbiont D algae. They resembled the reefs of the Red Sea, Dr. Baker said.
Algae Into Fuel Dr. Baker said these findings, reported in the journal Nature in August, suggest that when corals lose algae in a bleaching event, heat-tolerant algae can move in to replace them. Symbiont D "is becoming more common on reefs that are experiencing bleaching events," Dr. Baker said. He said the findings were the first "real-world evidence" that corals might adapt to warming.
Algae Fuel Source But this kind of adaptation may not be enough "to let corals off the hook," as Dr. Knowlton put it in an interview.
Algae Gas For example, according to a report issued this month by the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, scientists do not know exactly what conditions must exist for corals to acquire new strains of algae. They do not even know if changes occur when corals recruit different algae from the water around them, or if something somehow changes the ratio of algae strains growing within them.
Fuel From Algae Also, Dr. Knowlton said, it is not yet known whether corals colonized with new varieties of algae will grow as well as they once did with other strains. For example, she said, it could be that heat-tolerant algae strains devote more of their energy to reproducing and less to providing sustenance to their coral hosts. And though symbiont D is widespread among the world's corals, Dr. Knowlton said, scientists do not know whether all of them can support the strain.
Algae Diesel Answers to those questions await more research, and she said the study of corals was still developing. "If it were birds it would be 18th- or 19th-century science," she said, "who's living with whom, where."
Bacteria Fuel Based on past history, the coral bleaching and mortality associated with the severe El Nio event of 1997-98 was a thousand-year event, according to the monitoring network's coral report. That means, in theory, that there is only a 1 in 1,000 chance that similar effects would be seen in a given year. But, the report says, evidence strongly suggests that global warming will turn severe bleaching into "a regular event" by the middle of the century. So evidence of coral recovery since 1998 is encouraging, the report says.
Algae In Diesel "Some people would argue that global climate change is their biggest long-term threat," Dr. Knowlton said, "and it's the one we have the least ability to do anything about. So good news on the global warming front is very welcome."
Extract Oil From Algae About half the reefs that were left badly damaged after the 1997-98 El Nio event have bounced back, Dr. Baker said. "So even from a major event there can be recovery," he said, if overfishing, habitat destruction and other threats are mitigated. "But there can't be recovery if we triple and quadruple whammy these reefs."
Diesel Fuel Algae By Cornelia Dean
New York Times - 12/21/2004
Topic: Ocean
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